Theme:
Oil Gas 2023
We welcome you to attend the 14th International Conference and Expo on Oil and Gas during November 07-08, 2023 London, UK. We cordially invite all the interested participants in sharing their knowledge, research and gaining the information in the arena of petroleum and its allied areas.Theme: The Role of the Oil and Gas Industry in the Global Economy.
Oil Gas Expo 2023 provides a platform for researcher scholars, scientists and academic people to share and globalize their research work while the participants from industry/ business sectors can promote their products thus felicitating dissemination of knowledge. We anticipate more than 300 participants around the globe with thought-provoking keynote lectures, oral and poster presentations. The attending delegates include Editorial Board Members of related journals. The scope of Oil Gas Expo 2023 is to bring the advancements in the field of petroleum, natural gas and its allied areas.
Importance & Scope:
Oil and Gas attain greater global significance as the world economy has been developing with oil as its lifeblood for over a hundred years. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 45% of GDP and 90% of export earnings, it’s over half if you include natural gas. Oil/gas powers 100% of all transportation, within a few significant figures of rounding error. There is no doubt in my mind whatsoever that modern civilization would collapse in a matter of months if oil stopped flowing. It is hard to imagine industrial operations or even private activities without oil and gas – anywhere in the world.
Young Scientist Benefits
- Our conferences provide best Platform for your research through oral presentations.
- Share the ideas with both eminent researchers and mentors.
- Young Scientist Award reorganization certificate and memento to the winners
- Young Scientists will get appropriate and timely information by this Forum.
- Platform for collaboration among young researchers for better development
- Award should motivate participants to strive to realize their full potential which could in turn be beneficial to the field as whole.
Track 1: Oil Formation
The beginning of crude oil formation happened millions of years ago. Oil is a fossil fuel that has been formed from many tiny plants and animals such as algae and zooplankton. These organisms fall to the bottom of the sea once they die and over time, get trapped under multiple layers of sand and mud. As time goes by, heat and pressure began to rise as the organisms get buried deeper and deeper below the surface. Depending on the amount of pressure, heat and the type of organisms determines if the organisms will become natural gas or oil. The more heat, the lighter the oil. If there is even more heat and the organisms were made up of mostly plants, then natural gas is formed. Once the oil and natural gas are formed, it migrates through pores in the rock until it gets trapped under cap rock and clay where the oil can no longer get through. This is where we find oil today!
Track 1-1 Oil Traps
Track 1-2 Reservoir Rocks
Track 1-3 Drillings
Track 1-4 Fractional Distillation
Track 1-5 Enhanced Recover Techniques
Track 1-6 Supply and Demand
Related Societies and Associations:
Austin Geological Society, Australian Institute of Petroleum, Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Dhahran Geoscience Society, Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, Geological Society of Malaysia, Geological Society of Japan, International Society for Rock Mechanics, Kentucky Oil & Gas Association, Nevada Petroleum Society, Ohio Geological Society, Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands, Society for Sedimentary Geology, Society of Petroleum Engineers
Track 2: Advanced Oil and Gas Technologies
Oil and gas naturally occur chemicals that are made up of just two elements Hydrogen and Carbon. Nowadays Oil and natural gas reserves are found in many parts of the world. In the past, demand was low, and reserves were easy to find. In fact, the first users of oil depended on surface oil excretion for their supplies. However, as demand has increased, all easily found oils have been used. Today, oil exploration takes place in some of the most challenging places on earth. Now all are surveying for new oil reserves thousands of feet under the ocean and lands. This session explains about Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Reservoir, the formation of Oil and Natural Gas, refining of crude oil and its restoring, pipelines for refined oils, natural Gas exploration and production.
Track 2-1 Hydrocarbons
Track 2-2 Hydrocarbon Reservoir
Track 2-3 Oil and Natural Gas Formation
Track 2-4 Exploration and Production
Track 2-5 Refining of Oil
Track 2-6 Refined Oil Pipelines
Track 2-7 Oil and Gas Restoring
Related Societies and Associations:
Canadian Association Of Drilling Engineers, Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors, Clay Minerals Society, Drilling Engineering Association, European Drilling Engineering Association, History of Earth Sciences Society, International Marine Minerals Society, Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Track 3: Global Oil and Gas
In Present days, there is a worldwide demand for Oil and Gas which is not going to decline for decades. Environmental Impact Assessment expects global consumption of petroleum and oil fuels to continue to grow by 1.5 million b/d in 2017 and by 1.9 million b/d in 2018. Because of repository attributes and constraints in petroleum extraction innovations, just a small amount of this oil can be conveyed to the surface, and it is just this producible part that is thought to be stored.
Dubai, UAE, Qatar, and countries in Asia hold among the most important sites present in the world Oil and Gas scenario and world conserve. There are also continental Oil and Gas growths, Challenges and issues in Oil and Gas developments, Gas industry and profession, Global Price influence and Price Monitoring and maintenance of reserves which control the Fuel economy.
Track 3-1 Challenges in Oil and Gas Developments
Track 3-2 Maintenance of Reserves
Track 3-3 Present world Oil and Gas scenario
Track 3-4 Global Price Control and Price Monitoring
Track 3- 5 Continental Oil and Gas developments
Track 3- 6 World reserve of Oil and Gas
Related Societies and Associations:
Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Independent Petroleum Association of America, Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology, Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Public Petroleum Data Model Association, Society of Petroleum Engineers
Track 4: Biofuels & Biodiesels
Biofuels are a hot ecological theme right now. The part of the biofuel business is not to supplant oil diesel totally, but rather to help in making an adjusted vitality arrangement with the most advantage. Biodiesel is one of a few conceivable fills intended to augment the handiness of oil, and the lifespan and cleanliness of diesel motors. Biofuels carbon impartial: growing a tree and after that consuming it as a biofuel doesn't add any carbon dioxide to the air or exacerbate a dangerous atmospheric deviation to any extent. Biodiesel is intended to be utilized as a part of standard diesel motors and is along these lines from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel changed over diesel motors. Biodiesel can be utilized alone or mixed with Petro diesel in any extents. Biodiesel mixes can likewise be utilized as warming oil.
Track 4-1 Gas Reformers
Track 4-2 Raw-Natural-Gas Wells
Track 4-3 Raw Natural Gas Contaminants
Track 4-4 Natural-Gas Processing Plants
Track 4-5 Subsea Pipeline Pigging
Related Societies and Associations:
American Chemical Society - Geochemistry Division, Geochemical Society, Canadian Association Of Petroleum Producers, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Independent Petroleum Association of America, Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology, Norsk Petroleum’s foreign, Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Public Petroleum Data Model Association, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Southeast Asia Petroleum Exploration Society.
Track 5: Enhanced Oil Recovery
Enhanced oil recovery is the usage of different strategies for expanding the measure of unrefined petroleum that can be separated from an oil field. Improved oil recuperation is additionally called enhanced oil recuperation or tertiary recuperation. As per the US Department of Energy, there are three essential systems for EOR: warm recuperation, gas infusion, and substance injection. Sometimes the term quaternary recuperation is utilized to allude to more progressed, theoretical, EOR strategies. Utilizing EOR, 30 to 60 percent, or more, of the supply's unique oil can be extracted, compared with 20 to 40 percent utilizing essential and auxiliary recuperation.
Track 5-1 Oil Recovery Techniques
Track 5-2 Process and Development
Track 5-3 Economics Values and Benefits
Track 5-4 Safety and Environmental concerns
Track 5-5 Waste Management
Track 5-6 Refining Methods
Track 5-7 Processing of Refining
Track 5-8 Refinery Products
Track 5-9 Impacts and Effects on Environmental Surroundings
Track 5-10 Worldwide Petroleum refining capacity
Related Societies and Associations:
American Chemical Society - Geochemistry Division, Geochemical Society, Canadian Association Of Petroleum Producers, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Independent Petroleum Association of America, Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology, Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Public Petroleum Data Model Association, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Southeast Asia Petroleum Exploration Society
Track 6: Oil and Gas Industries
There are various factors which govern the working of Oil and Gas Industries. Industrial and organizational psychology, Collaboration and business models, Industrial Development, Green Technology, Industrial Ecology, and Ecotechnology, Materials, Production, Infrastructure, Offshore Oil and Gas Drilling Companies and Market Analysis, Drilling Companies, Market Analysis, Production Costs, Recovery Techniques, Environmental impact, and shortage are among the chief factors.
Track 6-1 Oil refinery and Engineering
Track 6-2 Enhanced Recovery Techniques
Track 6-3 Materials for the Oil and Gas Industry
Track 6-4 Infrastructure and Developments
Track 6-5 UAE Oil Market Analysis
Track 6-6 Oil and Gas production
Track 6-7 Offshore Oil and Gas Drilling Companies and Market Analysis
Track 6-8 Collaboration and New business models
Track 6-9 Industrial Development
Related Societies and Associations:
Biomass Energy Research Association, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Canadian Renewable Fuels Association, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Information Center, Renewable Fuels Association, American Ecological Engineering Society, Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Southeast Asia Petroleum Exploration Society.
Track 7: Oil, Gas Markets & Strategies
Business Development in raw Petroleum and regular Gas Economy joins gigantic open entryways, Alliance and Partnering, Technology Services, Target Innovative Projects, Trading and Transportation, Price Risk Management, Methods and Tools to Improve Project Planning and Delivery, Efficiency and Price Management, Reserves Management, Production Management, International Co-Operation, Fiscal Regime, Project Management and Project Economics, Human Resources are the significant wellsprings of Business Development and Investment Opportunities all through the world.
Track 7-1 Global Oil and Gas Economy
Track 7-2 Oil and Gas reserves and management
Track 7-3 Oil and Gas Trading and Transportation
Track 7-4 Price Risk Management
Track 7-5 Innovative Projects for future targets
Track 7-6 Total Economic Impact
Track 7-7 Capital Investment Impacts
Track 7-8 Total Employment Impact
Related Societies and Associations:
US Oil & Gas Association; Society of Petroleum Engineers; The global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues; The American Association of Professional Landmen; American Association of Petroleum Geologists; Alabama Natural Gas Association
Track 8: Petroleum and Petrochemicals
Petroleum and Petrochemicals include New Technologies and Discoveries related to petroleum products, Chemical processes, Petrochemistry, Future targets, Marine and Petroleum Geology, and Chemical Engineering. Petrochemicals, also called petroleum condensates, are chemical products derived from petroleum. The different petrochemical applications in industries are the key factors of the growth in this sector. The future brings more and more potentials for the petrochemical industry as a supplier of basic materials. Petrochemical industry favors integration due to obtaining secure, low-cost feed supply, enhance by-product stream value and minimize cost structure.
Track:8-1 Chemical Engineering
Track:8-2 Petroleum products
Track:8-3 Petrochemistry
Track:8-4 New Technologies and Discoveries
Track:8-5 Marine and Petroleum Geology
Track:8-6 Future challenges
Related Societies and Associations:
Marine Offshore Oil And Gas Association; South East Asia Petroleum Exploration Society; Malaysian Petrochemicals Association; The Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain; Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia; Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada; Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA).
Track 9: Transporting Oil and Gas
Crude oil tankers are used to transport crude oil from fields in the Middle East, North Sea, Africa, and Latin America to refineries around the world. Product tankers carry refined products from refineries to terminals. Tankers range in size from the small vessels used to transport refined products to huge crude carriers. Tanker sizes are expressed in terms of deadweight (dwt) or cargo tons. The smallest tankers are General Purpose which range from 10 to 25,000 tons.
These tankers are used to transport refined products. The Large Range and Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC) are employed in the international crude oil trade. The size of a tanker that can be used in any trade (commercial voyage between a port of origin and destination) is dependent on the tanker's length and loaded depth and the size of the loading and unloading ports.
The larger ships are used because they reduce the cost to transport a barrel of crude oil. Oil Tankers: Today's cutting-edge tankers are the product of a commitment to safety combined with the power of computer-assisted design. As a result, the new ships traveling the seas are stronger.
Related Societies and Associations:
Marine Offshore Oil And Gas Association; South East Asia Petroleum Exploration Society; Malaysian Petrochemicals Association; The Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain; Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia; Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada; Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA).
Track 10: Processing units used in refineries
Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, oil, and fuel oils. Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products, and economic considerations. Some modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels (127,000 to 143,000 cubic meters) per day of crude oil.
Related Societies and Associations:
Marine Offshore Oil And Gas Association; South East Asia Petroleum Exploration Society; Malaysian Petrochemicals Association; The Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain; Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia; Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada; Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA).
Track 11: Replacing Oil: Alternative Fuels and Technologies
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels like; fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas), as well as nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium, as well as artificial radioisotope fuels that are made in nuclear reactors.
Most experts look to alternative fuels and technologies as promising complements to petroleum in the near term and likely substitutes in the long term. If alternative energy sources are to compete effectively with petroleum, they must be price competitive, perform well with existing ICE technology, or be packaged with a new motor entirely, probably an electric one.
Related Societies and Associations:
Marine Offshore Oil And Gas Association; South East Asia Petroleum Exploration Society; Malaysian Petrochemicals Association; The Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain; Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia; Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada; Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA).
Track 12: Sustainable & Renewable Energy
Rising prices, increasing air pollution and scarcity of fuels have forced scientists to look for alternative fuel sources. All energy sources which can be naturally replenished are renewable energy sources. Most of the times these two terms are used interchangeably. There is some sort of common belief that all renewable energy sources are sustainable and there is no difference between the two terms. However, this is not true. Renewable energy includes all those sources that do not cause any harm to the environment and have minimal impact on the surrounding environment. Sustainable is much more a wider term and includes all type of energy sources. Sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, wave, tidal and hydrogen are renewable as well as sustainable since they have minimum impact on the environment whereas Nuclear energy is not considered as renewable, but it is sustainable as it pollutes the environment. This is the only reason that it is said that all renewable energy sources are sustainable but all sustainable energy sources are not renewable.
Related Societies and Associations:
Marine Offshore Oil And Gas Association; South East Asia Petroleum Exploration Society; Malaysian Petrochemicals Association; The Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain; Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia; Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada; Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA).
Oil & Gas 2023 is the platform to gain or share knowledge in the new technological developments in the field of chemical engineering. This conference brings together professors, researchers, scientists and practitioners in all the areas of Petroleum Engineering, oil and gas engineering services which provides an international forum for the spreading of approved research results, new ideas, and practical developments. We are honored to invite you all to attend and register for the “14th International Conference on Oil and Gas November 07-08, 2023 London, UK”. The organizing committee is gearing up for an exciting and informative conference program including plenary lectures, symposia, workshops on a variety of topics, poster presentations and various programs for participants from all over the world. We invite you to join us at the Petroleum Engineering 2023, where you will be sure to have a meaningful experience with scholars from around the world. All members of the Oil & Gas 2023 organizing committee look forward to meeting you in Rome, Italy.
For more details please visit: https://oil-gas.expertconferences.org/
Importance & Scope:
Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas. Exploration and Production are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs. Petroleum geology and geophysics focus on the provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water, and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.
The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually, they have the highest impact on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evaluation (well logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, well engineering, artificial lift systems, completions and oil, and gas facilities engineering.
Recruitment to the industry has historically been from the disciplines of physics, chemical engineering, and mining engineering. Subsequent development training has usually been done within oil companies.
Why London?
London is the capital city of England and the Cumulated Kingdom. It is the most populous region, urban one and metropolitan area in the Coalesced Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who designated it Londinium. London is a leading ecumenical city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, inculcation, regalement, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional accommodations, research and development, tourism and convey all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world’s leading financial centers and has the fifth-or sixth-most sizably voluminous metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on quantification. London is a world cultural capital. It is the world’s most-visited city as quantified by international advents and has the world’s most sizably voluminous city airport system quantified by passenger traffic. London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are verbalized within its boundaries. It is a major Centre of higher edification edifying and research and its 43 universities form the most sizably voluminous concentration of higher edification in Europe.
Why to attend?
Petroleum engineering conference aims at the multi-disciplined audience with diverse commercial, technical, corporate, operations, planning sectors of the upstream oil and gas engineering services. Meet Your Target Market with members from around the world focused on learning and sharing about Upstream Scientists/Engineers; this is your single best opportunity to reach the largest assemblage of participants from the global Oil and gas engineering industry. Conduct demonstrations, distribute information, meet with current and potential customers, make a splash with a new product line, and receive name recognition at this 3-day event. World-renowned speakers, the most recent techniques, tactics, and the newest breakthroughs in the upstream sector of oil and gas engineering are hallmarks of this conference.
Target Audience:
- Petroleum Engineers
- Scientists, Researchers & Technical Staff from the petroleum engineering field.
- Professors, Students & Delegates from petroleum engineering Department
- The people who are specialized with geologists, geophysicists, reservoir engineers, production engineers, Chemical Engineers.
- Production engineers are the Potential Exhibitors for the Respective Conferences.
- The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Geologists associations, US Oil and Gas Association, The Society of Petroleum Engineer
Major petroleum engineering Research Associations around the Globe:
· American Association of Petroleum Geologists
· American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers
· Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors
· Canadian Association Of Petroleum Producers
· Pennsylvania Petroleum Association
· American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturer
· Society of Petroleum Engineers
· Independent Petroleum Association of America
· American Association of Petroleum Geologists
· The Petroleum Marketers Association of America
· US Oil and Gas Association
· Petroleum Motor Transport Association
· The Petroleum Marketers Association of America
· Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology
· Independent Petroleum Association of America
Major Oil & Gas Companies around the Globe:
· Sinopec
· China National Petroleum Corp. (Petrochina)
· Royal Dutch Shell
· ExxonMobil
· Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Aramco)
· BP
· Total S.A.
· Kuwait Petroleum Corp
· Chevron Corporation
· OJSC Lukoil
In total, percentage of attendees from various sectors as follows
· Industry 50%
· Academia 40%
· Others 10%
A glance at a market of petroleum industry:
Global oil and gas production has increased over the last five years, from 81.15 Million barrels per day in 2009, to 88.67 Million barrels per day b 2014. This has led to the supply for oil & gas exceeding its demand which has ultimately caused a decline in the prices of crude oil during the last six months of 2014. Consequently, the oil and gas operators have reduced their capital expenditure outlook for 2015 citing concerns over low profit margins. This reduction has mainly impacted the upstream exploration and production (E&P) activities. However, the declining production from onshore oilfields in countries such as Russia, the U.K. and India among others has resulted in higher demand for exploring new offshore reserves. Drill pipe which are used to support drilling and exploration activities are expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.8% to reach USD 1,133.8 Million by 2020 from USD 940.62 Million in 2015. In this report, 2014 is considered as the base year and 2020 is considered as the forecast year. The report covers the grade of drill pipe as well as the application segments.
The oil & gas market is expected to grow from an estimated USD 3.22 Billion in 2016 to USD 4.54 Billion by 2021, registering a CAGR of 6.9% from 2016 to 2021. The global market is witnessing significant growth on account of the decline in natural gas prices, an increase in electricity demand, and low emission levels of the gas & oil compared to other fossil fuels. Increasing investments in distributed power generation are also expected to drive the demand for oil & gas across the globe.
The 13th International Conference on Oil and Gas hosted by the Conference Series llc LTD was held during November 07-08, 2022, Webinar with the theme “Demonstrating advancements in the field of Petroleum Engineering". Benevolent response and active participation were received from scientists, engineers, researchers, students, and leaders from the fields of Oil & Gas 2022, who made this event successful.
The meeting was carried out through various sessions, in which the discussions were held on the following major scientific tracks:
- Petrochemistry
- Processing units used in refineries
- Advances in Petroleum Engineering
- Fuels and Refining
- Field Development & Production Operations
- Petroleum Geology
- Sustainable & Renewable Energy
- Petroleum Additives: Synthesis and Application
- Exploration, Production and Storage
- Petroleum Distillation and Refining
- Reservoir Engineering
- Petroleum Engineering and its Industrial Application
The conference was initiated with a series of lectures delivered by both Honorable Guests and members of the Keynote Forum.
Conference Series llc LTD offers its heartfelt appreciation to Organizing Committee Members, adepts of the field, various outside experts, company representatives and other eminent personalities who supported the conference by facilitating the discussion forums. Conference Series llc LTD also took the privilege to felicitate the Organizing Committee Members who supported this event.
Thanks to all our wonderful speakers and conference attendees, Oil & Gas 2022 was our best ever!!
With the grand success of Petroleum Engineering -2022, Conference Series llc LTD is proud to announce the " 14th International Conference on Oil and Gas " to be held during November 07-08, 2023 London, UK
Conference Highlights
- Oil Formation
- Advanced Oil and Gas Technologies
- Global Oil and Gas
- Biofuels & Biodiesels
- Enhanced Oil Recovery
- Oil and Gas Industries
- Oil, Gas Markets & Strategies
- Petroleum and Petrochemicals
- Transporting Oil and Gas
- Processing units used in refineries
- Replacing Oil: Alternative Fuels and Technologies
- Sustainable & Renewable Energy
To share your views and research, please click here to register for the Conference.
To Collaborate Scientific Professionals around the World
Conference Date | November 07-08, 2023 | ||
Sponsors & Exhibitors |
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Speaker Opportunity Closed | |||
Poster Opportunity Closed | Click Here to View |
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Special Issues
All accepted abstracts will be published in respective Our International Journals.
Abstracts will be provided with Digital Object Identifier by