T.N. Leeftink
Delft University of Technology Netherlands
Title: Injectivity Errors in Simulation of Foam EOR
Biography
Biography: T.N. Leeftink
Abstract
Injectivity is a key factor in the economics of foam enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Poor injectivity of low-mobility foam slows the production of oil and allows more time for gravity segregation of injected gas. The conventional Peaceman equation makes two substantial errors in estimating foam injectivity: it ignores the rapidly changing saturations around the wellbore and the effect of non-Newtonian mobility of foam. This paper considers the two problems in turn: non-Newtonian effects and foam dry-out. In studying non-Newtonian effects we use the method-of-characteristics approach, which resolves both changing saturations and non-Newtonian rheology with great precision near the wellbore, and compare to conventionally computed injectivity using the Peaceman equation in a grid block. By itself, the strongly non-Newtonian rheology of the “low-quality” foam regime makes a significant difference to injectivity of foam. However, one could estimate this effect using the equation for injectivity of power-law fluids, i.e. without accounting for changing water saturation near the well, without much error. In SAG processes, however, non-Newtonian rheology is less important than accounting for foam collapse in the immediate near-wellbore region. Averaging water saturation in a large grid block misses this dry-out very near the well and the Peaceman equation grossly underestimates the injectivity of gas. This error is similar in kind to, but much greater than, that in conventional gas-injection EOR. The magnitude of the effect on the overall simulation decreases as the simulation grid is refined around the well. We illustrate with examples using foam parameters fit to laboratory data.